What does a medical examiner do?

Medical examiners and coroners are both involved in determining the cause and manner of death, but there are key differences between the two roles.

A medical examiner is a licensed physician, often a forensic pathologist, who is specifically trained in the field of forensic pathology. They perform autopsies and thoroughly investigate the cause, mechanism, and circumstances of deaths that fall under their jurisdiction. Medical examiners are typically appointed or employed by a government agency or medical institution, and they often work in urban areas or larger jurisdictions.

On the other hand, a coroner is an elected or appointed official who may or may not have a medical background. In some jurisdictions, the coroner may be a licensed physician, while in others, they may have a background in law enforcement or other related fields. Coroners are responsible for determining the cause and manner of death, but they may rely on the expertise of a medical examiner or forensic pathologist to conduct autopsies or provide specialized knowledge. Coroners are commonly found in smaller jurisdictions, especially in rural areas.

In summary, while both medical examiners and coroners are involved in death investigations, medical examiners are typically licensed physicians specializing in forensic pathology, while coroners can be individuals with varied backgrounds who oversee death investigations. Medical examiners often handle more complex cases or cases requiring specialized medical knowledge, while coroners are responsible for determining the cause and manner of death within their jurisdiction, often with the support of medical experts.

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The following is a comprehensive list of the various specializations that a doctor can pursue and a brief summary of each specialization:

• Allergist: An allergist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies, asthma, and related conditions. Allergists have specialized training in the recognition and management of allergic reactions.
• Anesthesiologist: An anesthesiologist keeps a patient comfortable, safe and pain-free during surgery by administering local or general anesthetic.
• Cardiologist: A cardiologist specializes in finding, treating, and preventing diseases that affect the heart, the arteries, and the veins.
• Cardiothoracic Surgeon: A cardiothoracic surgeon specializes in surgical procedures inside the thorax (the chest), which may involve the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest. As well as performing surgery, they also diagnose and treat diseases of these organs.
• Chiropractic Neurologist: A chiropractic neurologist is a specialized type of chiropractor who has undergone additional training in the field of neurology. They diagnose and treat conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the nervous system.
• Chiropractor: A chiropractor, or doctor of chiropractic medicine, specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous system, especially in the spine. Treatment is usually physical manipulation of the joints and the spine to bring them back into alignment. A chiropractor does not perform surgery or prescribe medication.
• Colorectal Surgeon: A colorectal surgeon specializes in diseases of the colon, rectum, and anus, as well as the entire gastric tract. These surgeons work closely with urologists, who handle the urogenital tract in males and the urinary tract of women, gynecologists, who deal with specific female issues, and gastroenterologists, who deal with diseases of the gut.
• Doctor: An general overview of what a doctor does and how to become one.
• Dentist: Dentists identify potential oral health issues such as gum disease, as well as examine patients, order medical tests and determine the correct diagnosis and treatment. They also perform oral surgery and remove teeth or address other dental health problems.
• Dermatologist: A dermatologist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions affecting skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, nails, and mucus membranes (inside the mouth, nose, and eyelids) which can include cancer.
• Emergency Medicine Physician: An emergency medicine physician works in emergency departments, hospitals, and urgent care clinics, and is often the first medical professional that patients see when they are in need of urgent medical care.
• Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist specializes in diagnosing conditions and diseases related to the glands and hormones. While primary care doctors know a lot about the human body, for conditions and diseases directly related to glands and hormones they will typically send a patient to an endocrinologist.
• Family Practitioner: A family practitioner specializes in caring for the entire family. Patients can be children, adults, and the elderly, and are treated for a wide array of medical issues.
• Forensic Pathologist: A forensic pathologist investigates the cause of sudden and unexpected deaths, and is able to determine how a person died by performing an autopsy and studying tissue and laboratory results. These doctors are often called upon to provide evidence in court regarding the cause and time of such deaths.
• Gastroenterologist: A gastroenterologist has specific training in diagnosing and treating conditions and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This may include diseases and disorders that affect the the biliary system (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts), as well as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon).
• Geriatrician: A geriatrician specializes in the care of elderly patients, and often works with patients who have multiple chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as age-related cognitive and functional impairments.
• Gynecologist: A gynecologist specializes in women's reproductive systems. Gynecologists are also sometimes certified as obstetricians, and will monitor the health of the mother and the fetus during a pregnancy.
• Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, such as anemia and leukemia.
• Hospitalist: A hospitalist is a physician whose focus is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Their duties include patient care, teaching, research, and leadership related to hospital medicine.
• Immunologist: An immunologist specializes in managing problems related to the immune system, such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. A smaller number of immunologists are strictly researchers seeking to better understand how the immune system works and to help develop better ways of diagnosing and providing treatment for many immunological conditions.
• Infectious Disease Specialist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis.
• Internist: An internist is a 'doctor of internal medicine' who can diagnose, treat, and practice compassionate care for adults across the spectrum, from health to complex illness. They are not to be mistaken with "interns," who are doctors in their first year of residency training.
• Medical Examiner: Medical examiners are responsible for performing autopsies and collecting evidence related to the circumstances of a death, including medical history, physical examination findings, and toxicology tests.
• Naturopathic Physician: A naturopathic physician blends modern scientific medical practice and knowledge with natural and traditional forms of medical treatment. The goal is to treat the underlying causes of disease while stimulating the body's own healing abilities.
• Nephrologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. They treat conditions such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, kidney stones, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Neurologist: A neurologist specializes in treating diseases that affect the human nervous system. It is a very prestigious and difficult medical specialty due to the complexity of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
• Neurosurgeon: A neurosurgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes congenital anomalies, trauma, tumours, vascular disorders, infections of the brain or spine, stroke, or degenerative diseases of the spine.
• Obstetrician: An obstetrician is a medical doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.
• Occupational Physician: Occupational medicine is focused on keeping individuals well at work, both mentally and physically. As workplaces become more complex, occupational physicians play an important role in advising people on how their work can affect their health.
• Oncologist: An oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The three primary types of oncologists are: medical oncologists that specialize in the administration of drugs to kill cancer cells; surgical oncologists that perform surgical procedures to identify and remove cancerous tumors; and radiation oncologists that treat cancer with radiation therapy.
• Ophthalmologist: An ophthalmologist is a specialist that deals specifically with the structure, function, diseases, and treatment of the eye. Due to the complexities and the importance of the eye as a special sense that provides vision, the discipline of ophthalmology is dedicated solely to this organ.
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon: An oral and maxillofacial surgeon treats dental and medical problems involving the oral cavity and the maxillofacial area. The maxillofacial area includes the bones of the forehead, face, cheekbones and the soft tissues. Treatment often involves performing surgery and related procedures to treat diseases, defects, or injuries, and to improve function or appearance.
• Orthopaedic Surgeon / Orthopedist: An orthopaedic surgeon (or orthopedist) examines, diagnoses, and treats diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves.
• Orthodontist: An orthodontist specializes in how the jaws and teeth are aligned. They help people whose teeth are misaligned or require some kind of correction – those with an improper bite, or malocclusion.
• Osteopath: Osteopaths have attended and graduated from an osteopathic medical school and practise the system of healthcare known as osteopathy. They consider all aspects of the patient, not just the symptoms they exhibit. They see the integrated nature of the body’s organ systems and its capacity for self-regulation and self-healing.
• Otolaryngologist: Otolaryngologists (or ENT physicians) are specialists trained in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and related structures of the head and neck. These specialists are trained in both medicine and surgery.
• Pathologist: A pathologist studies the causes, nature, and effects of disease. The field of pathology is broad with concentrations on changes in cells, tissues, and organs that are the result of a disease.
• Pediatrician: A pediatrician specializes in providing medical care to infants, children and teenagers by administering treatments, therapies, medications and vaccinations to treat illness, disorders or injuries.
• Periodontist: A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in oral inflammation, and who knows how to prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontal disease.
• Plastic Surgeon: A plastic surgeon specializes in reshaping healthy body parts for aesthetic reasons, and also in repairing or replacing body parts damaged by accidents, illness or malformation.
• Podiatrist: A podiatrist practices podiatric medicine, which is a branch of science devoted to the diagnosis, treatment and study of medical disorders of the foot, ankle, lower leg and lower back. In the U.S. and Canada, podiatry is practiced as a specialty.
• Prosthodontist: A prosthodontist specializes in restoring the look, function, comfort, and health of a patient's oral cavity with artificial materials. These artificial materials are made up of a wide variety of restorations that include fillings, dentures, veneers, crowns, bridges and oral implants.
• Psychiatrist: Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate, diagnose and treat patients who are affected by a temporary or chronic mental health problem.
• Pulmonologist: A pulmonologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary (lung) conditions and diseases of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complicated chest infections.
• Radiologist: A radiologist is a specialist in interpreting medical images that may be obtained with x-rays, (CT scans or radiographs), nuclear medicine (involving radioactive substances, magnetism (MRI), or ultrasound.
• Rheumatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
• Sports Medicine Physician: A sports medicine physician specializes in taking care of people who have sports injuries that may be acquired from playing sports, exercising, or from otherwise being physically active.
• Surgeon: A surgeon performs surgery for the purpose of removing diseased tissue or organs, to repair body systems, or to replace diseased organs with transplants.
• Telemedicine Physician: A telemedicine physician provides remote healthcare services to patients using telecommunications technology, facilitating virtual consultations, diagnoses, and treatment recommendations.
• Urologist: A urologist specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. Urologists can treat the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, uterus, and male reproductive organs. There are also specific specialty areas that urologists may choose to focus on, such as pediatric urology, male infertility, and urologic oncology.
• Vascular Medicine Specialist - A vascular medicine specialist specializes in the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels. They may work with patients who have conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, or pulmonary embolism.
• Vascular Surgeon - A vascular surgeon specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of conditions affecting the blood vessels, including aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and varicose veins.
• Veterinary Dentist - A veterinary dentist is a specialized veterinarian who focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dental diseases and conditions in animals. They perform dental procedures such as cleanings, extractions, and oral surgeries to improve the oral health and well-being of pets and other animals.

Degrees

• Dentistry
• Medicine
• Naturopathic Medicine
• Osteopathic Medicine
• Podiatric Medicine
• Pre-Dentistry
• Pre-Medicine
• Veterinary Medicine
  
  

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Coroners, medical examiners, and forensic pathologists are distinct roles within the field of forensic medicine, each with specific responsibilities. Here are detailed differences among these positions:

Coroner

• Role: A coroner is an elected or appointed official responsible for investigating deaths within a specific jurisdiction. Coroners may or may not have a medical background.
• Qualifications: Coroners may have various educational backgrounds, ranging from law enforcement to medicine. Some jurisdictions require coroners to be physicians, while others do not have strict medical qualifications.
• Investigation Authority: Coroners typically have the authority to investigate deaths, sign death certificates, and make preliminary determinations regarding the cause and manner of death.
• Autopsy: In some cases, coroners may perform autopsies themselves. However, in many jurisdictions, they may rely on forensic pathologists or medical examiners to conduct detailed post-mortem examinations.
• Legal Role: Coroners often work closely with law enforcement, but their primary responsibility is to make legal determinations about the cause and manner of death. They may also be involved in the inquest process in some jurisdictions.

Medical Examiner

• Role: A medical examiner is a physician with specialized training in forensic pathology. Medical examiners are appointed officials and are often employed by county or state governments.
• Qualifications: Medical examiners are required to be physicians and have completed additional training in forensic pathology, which involves a residency and often a fellowship.
• Investigation Authority: Medical examiners have the authority to investigate deaths and make determinations regarding the cause and manner of death. They may work closely with law enforcement and other forensic professionals.
• Autopsy: Medical examiners are trained to perform autopsies and thoroughly examine bodies to gather evidence. They may also delegate autopsy duties to forensic pathologists under their supervision.
• Legal Role: Medical examiners play a crucial role in the legal system, providing expert testimony in court and assisting law enforcement in criminal investigations.

Forensic Pathologist

• Role: A forensic pathologist is a physician with specialized expertise in examining bodies to determine the cause and manner of death. Forensic pathologists may work as medical examiners or in other settings.
• Qualifications: Forensic pathologists are physicians who have completed a residency in pathology followed by a fellowship in forensic pathology. They often hold board certification in forensic pathology.
• Investigation Authority: Forensic pathologists are experts in conducting post-mortem examinations and determining the cause of death. They may work in medical examiner's offices, coroner's offices, or academic institutions.
• Autopsy: Forensic pathologists specialize in performing autopsies and are skilled in identifying injuries, analyzing tissues, and interpreting forensic evidence to aid in death investigations.
• Legal Role: Forensic pathologists often serve as expert witnesses in legal proceedings, providing detailed and scientific explanations of their findings. They collaborate with law enforcement and legal professionals to ensure accurate determinations.

Summary
While coroners and medical examiners have distinct roles in determining the cause and manner of death, forensic pathologists contribute their medical expertise to the forensic process by conducting detailed post-mortem examinations. The roles often overlap, and collaboration among these professionals is common in death investigations.

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